‘Sunny Day Flooding’ Increases Fecal Contamination of Coastal Waters

A new study finds that “sunny day flooding,” which occurs during high tides, increases the levels of fecal bacteria in coastal waters. While the elevated bacteria levels in the coastal waters tend to dissipate quickly, the findings suggest policymakers and public health officials should be aware of potential risks associated with tidal flooding.

“Historically we see the highest levels of fecal bacteria contamination in coastal waterways after it rains, because the rain washes contaminants into the waterways,” says Natalie Nelson, corresponding author of a paper on the study and an associate professor of biological and agricultural engineering at North Carolina State University. “Due to sea level rise, we’re seeing an increase in flooding in coastal areas at high tide – even when there isn’t any rainfall. We wanted to see whether sunny day floods were associated with increases in fecal bacteria contamination in waterways.”

For the study, researchers collected water samples every day for two summer months at three sites along a single waterway in coastal North Carolina. Two perigean spring tides occurred during the two-month sampling period. Perigean spring tides are tides characterized by especially pronounced high and low tides, caused by the moon’s gravitational pull.

The researchers increased their collection of samples at each monitoring site on the days of the perigean spring tides, to capture changes in water quality throughout the tidal cycle. During the high-water levels of the perigean spring tides, water also came up out of some local storm drains and caused minor flooding. The researchers took samples of those floodwaters as well.

“We found that the floodwaters themselves had relatively high levels of fecal bacteria,” Nelson says. “To be clear, these floods were inches deep; we’re talking about very minor flooding as tidal waters pushed up through the storm grates. However, we’ve seen children playing in these sort of sunny day floodwaters, and the levels of fecal bacteria we detected were above the levels deemed safe for recreational waters.”

“Our findings with regard to the coastal waters were more nuanced,” says Megan Carr, lead author of the study and a Ph.D. student at NC State. “On the one hand, we did see higher concentrations of fecal bacteria in coastal waters as the floodwaters and perigean spring tides receded. On the other hand, we did not see this in every instance and in every location – and we also found that the higher concentrations of fecal bacteria usually only lasted for a few hours.”

In other words, perigean spring tides do raise some concerns about fecal bacteria and water quality in coastal waters, but they don’t appear to cause concentrations of fecal bacteria at the same level as stormwater runoff caused by rainfall.

“It’s important to note that these results are from samples that we took in one area along a large waterway,” Nelson says. “The results are likely to vary significantly, depending on the size of the waterway. For example, post-flood contamination could last longer in waterways smaller than the waterway that we sampled. That’s something that would benefit from additional research.

“Sea levels are going to continue rising for the foreseeable future,” Nelson says. “So we are definitely going to see more sunny day flooding, and those floods will be getting worse. We need to continue studying the impact that these tidal floods have on our water quality, because the more we understand, the better able we will be to make informed decisions about public health and safety.”

The paper, “Fecal Bacteria Contamination of Floodwaters and a Coastal Waterway from Tidally-Driven Stormwater Network Inundation,” is published in the open-access journal GeoHealth. First author of the paper is Megan Carr, a Ph.D. student at NC State. The paper was co-authored by Angela Harris and Katherine Anarde, both assistant professors of civil, construction and environmental engineering at NC State; Nora Sauers, Gabe Da Silva and Catherine Gamewell, who are undergraduates at NC State; Adam Gold of the Environmental Defense Fund; and Miyuki Hino of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

The research was done with support from the National Science Foundation, under grant number 2047609; and from the U.S. Geological Survey Southeast Climate Adaptation Science Center.

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Note to Editors: The study abstract follows.

“Fecal Bacteria Contamination of Floodwaters and a Coastal Waterway from Tidally-Driven Stormwater Network Inundation”

Authors: M. M. Carr, A. Harris, K. Anarde, N. Sauers, G. Da Silva, C. Gamewell and N. G. Nelson, North Carolina State University; A. C. Gold, Environmental Defense Fund; and M. Hino, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Published: April 23, GeoHealth

DOI: 10.1029/2024GH001020

Abstract: Inundation of coastal stormwater networks by tides is widespread due to sea-level rise (SLR). The water quality risks posed by tidal water rising up through stormwater infrastructure (pipes and catch basins), out onto roadways, and back out to receiving water bodies is poorly understood but may be substantial given that stormwater networks are a known source of fecal contamination. In this study, we (1) documented temporal variation in concentrations of Enterococcus spp. (ENT), the fecal indicator bacteria standard for marine waters, in a coastal waterway over a two-month period and more intensively during two perigean spring tide periods, (2) measured ENT concentrations in roadway floodwaters during tidal floods, and (3) explained variation in ENT concentrations as a function of tidal inundation, antecedent rainfall, and stormwater infrastructure using a pipe network inundation model and robust linear mixed effect models. We find that ENT concentrations in the receiving water body vary as a function of tidal stage and antecedent rainfall, but also site-specific characteristics of the stormwater network that drains to the waterbody. Tidal variables significantly explain measured ENT variance in the waterway, however, runoff drove higher ENT concentrations in the receiving waterway. Samples of floodwaters on roadways during both perigean spring tide events were limited, but all samples exceed thresholds for safe public use of recreational water. These results indicate that inundation of stormwater networks by tides could pose public health hazards in receiving water bodies and on roadways, which will likely be exacerbated in the future due to continued SLR.

This post was originally published in NC State News.