{"id":13677,"date":"2022-11-07T10:36:12","date_gmt":"2022-11-07T15:36:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences-new\/?p=13677"},"modified":"2022-11-15T10:54:06","modified_gmt":"2022-11-15T15:54:06","slug":"breeding-peanut-3-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/news\/breeding-peanut-3-0\/","title":{"rendered":"Breeding Peanut 3.0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Could a Wild Child Strengthen the Peanut\u2019s Achilles Heel?<\/span><\/h2>\n

Peanuts are the most widespread grain legume in the world, grown in over 100 countries to provide an adaptable and reliable oil and protein source. Because of the peanut\u2019s global significance, ensuring a diverse and evolving varietal gene pool is a top priority for breeders, but the modern peanut hides an intrinsic fault.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
Harvested peanuts drying in a field<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A Genetic Bottleneck<\/span><\/h2>\n

The cultivated peanut\u2019s fancy jumbo shells and high oleic seeds disguise a genetic weakness. All modern peanut cultivars owe their lineage to a single wild variety <\/span>developed as a result of two diploid wild varieties spontaneously converging<\/span>. That fact erects a genetic dead end amidst a time of evolving pests and environmental change. North Carolina State University researchers are diving deep into the peanut gene pool to push variety improvement forward by reintroducing its wild roots.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGenetic diversity is at the core of breeding programs. But we know that some spontaneous event occurred millennia ago causing a great bottleneck in the diversity of the wild tetraploid peanut species that we have since cultivated,\u201d Jeff Dunne, an NC State assistant professor said. \u201cIt created an inherent lack of diversity in cultivated peanuts which limits the breeding progress we can make in disease, drought, or pest resistance.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Peanut
Assistant Professor Jeff Dunne stands among his peanut breeding stock in an NC State greenhouse.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Shifting Pathogens Demand Attention<\/span><\/h2>\n

In North Carolina, Bailey II has become the dominant variety since its release in 2017. Prized for its Early Leaf Spot resistance, Bailey II is helping U.S. farmers nearly eradicate the disease and its necessary spray treatments. But as one disease recedes, another rises.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Late Leaf Spot has now become a common, fast-moving economic threat. It causes plant defoliation that dramatically reduces yield and results in annual losses of $53M according to the Peanut Research Foundation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Defoliated
Leaf spot defoliation dramatically impacts peanut yield. Photo by Barbara Shew.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

To breed resistant varieties, researchers are finding promise far back in the peanut\u2019s family tree.<\/span><\/p>\n

83 & Me<\/span><\/h3>\n

Cultivated peanuts trace their lineage along an enormous family tree. They are a member of the pea family with 83 (and counting) wild species and two cultivated subspecies in the genus.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The genetically-limited lineage of modern peanut cultivars presents a breeding challenge.<\/span><\/p>\n

For decades, plant breeders combed the globe discovering, collecting and cataloging wild species and local landraces. Worldwide, there are over 90,000 peanut lines in germplasm collections, albeit with much duplication.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

NC State maintains one such peanut gene bank with 780 cultivated germplasm lines plus 217 wild species for breeding. The USDA, the University of Georgia, and Texas A&M University boast the largest U.S. collections, but groups freely share resources.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Breeder
Dunne\u2019s lab maintains a diverse seed bank of both wild and cultivated peanut varieties.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Navigating A 3.0 Gb Map<\/span><\/h2>\n

The peanut family is divided into two camps of genetic structure that render them incompatible for breeding. Among wild species, some are diploid (carrying two copies of chromosomes) and some are tetraploid (four copies). While closely related, they cannot be directly crossed.<\/span><\/p>\n

For European export value and other reasons, the U.S. peanut industry shuns genetic modification in production-peanut varieties. This limits researchers to traditional breeding techniques, which naturally render high variability. Layer on the incompatible genetic structures among wild species and breeding work becomes a bit like trying to repair a new Chevy with old Ford parts.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Breeders have solved part of the puzzle by developing creative tactics to merge the incompatible wild species. But once crossed, a DNA roadmap is crucial to identify chromosomes and sites of interest within the peanut genome\u2019s 2.5 billion base pairs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Peanut genome sequencing was completed in 2019 as an international effort among U.S. researchers, the National Peanut Board and the Peanut Research Foundation. Phase one of the project created a 3.0 Gb reference genome and sequenced several varieties, which helps breeders make faster, more informed gene site selections.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Phase two now puts that knowledge into action. Breeders like Dunne are using molecular marker technologies and genomic selection to target several pillars of improvement: disease, aflatoxin and drought resistance as well as flavor improvement.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Researcher
Ryan Andres extracts DNA in the peanut lab to help identify and speed breeding selections.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Promise from the Wild Side<\/span><\/h2>\n

Peanut research has a strong heritage at NC State. In the 1960\u2019s W.C. Gregory, and later H. Tom Stalker, used wild species to develop and curate valuable germplasm that have been used around the world to improve peanut cultivars.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Seeds from collected wild species peanuts look dramatically different than cultivated varieties.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Evolved to locally adapt and resist pest pressures, the wild side of the family tree holds great promise to breeders like Dunne. The challenge lies in identifying the valuable genes and then <\/span>reliably<\/span><\/i> introducing them into cultivated stock.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Recently, University of Georgia researchers discovered that a Brazilian cross (IAC 322), which owes heritage to Gregory and Stalker\u2019s work, carries an extra gene block on lucky chromosome 13 that provides Late Leaf Spot resistance. Dunne\u2019s program has also identified a line (SPT 10-12) that has the additional gene and another that may further improve Late Leaf Spot resistance.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"A
Variety SPT 10-12 (right) shows strong Late Leaf Spot resistance compared to NC-V11 (left).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

NC State\u2019s highly successful Bailey and Bailey II varieties acquired their Early Leaf Spot resistance from genetic blocks on chromosomes two and eight. But both Baileys lack the block on 13, which is present in the newly identified lines.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

These discoveries are spurring renewed vigor in many peanut breeding programs, recently at the University of Georgia and also at NC State.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Drone
Drone image of peanut variety test plots shows bright green areas of late leaf spot resistance (no fungicides sprayed).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

If You Breed It, Will They Plant It?<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u201cAs breeders, we are in the business of creating yield,\u201d Dunne said. \u201cIntegrating wild species into cultivated stock could significantly improve genetic diversity and add resistance traits. But it can create a yield drag.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite the upside of new traits, the fear of yield decline deters some growers from planting new varieties. Dunne thinks that variety adoption comes down to building trust between growers and the breeding program.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cVarieties have hit all-time yield highs, which has actually reduced the amount of planted acreage because the yields are so good,\u201d he said. \u201cOur program\u2019s goal is to maintain yield <\/span>and<\/span><\/i> improve margins with new varieties,\u201d he said.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Resistance = Sustainable Management<\/span><\/h3>\n

Extension guidance highlights crop rotation and host resistance as the foundation of disease control. Combined with good agronomic practices, growers can minimize their losses and use of crop protection chemicals.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cDr. David Jordan does an excellent job with peanut Extension programming — emphasizing crop rotations and optimizing fungicide programs,\u201d Dunne said. \u201c But with upcoming chemical label changes and few new fungicide chemistries in the works, planting varieties for preventative, rather than curative, disease management may be increasingly appealing.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"NC State
NC State Extension presents management and variety updates at several annual peanut field days.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A Packed Peanut Pipeline<\/span><\/h2>\n

Dunne\u2019s breeding pipeline is well stocked. \u201cMy predecessor, Dr. Tom Isleib, left us with a tremendous amount of high-quality material,\u201d he said. \u201cHis work set up our program to not only improve growers\u2019 yields but to increase their margins. We\u2019ve become a more sustainable breeding program.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Jeff<\/p>\n

Dunne has selected two high-value Virginia-type varieties to release recently.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

NC20 is later maturing than Bailey II, which allows growers to stagger harvest time and make the best use of limited harvest equipment and storage. The variety\u2019s high disease resistance allows growers to leave it in the field longer despite high seasonal disease pressure.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Another introduction coming available soon is NC21, a large pod, large-seeded variety with equal disease resistance replacing the Wynne cultivar, which is coming off NC Foundation seed.<\/span><\/p>\n

NC20 should be commercially available by 2024 and NC21 by 2025.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Bailey Legacy<\/span><\/h3>\n

To familiarize growers with new varieties, Dunne\u2019s group created <\/span>a web application<\/span><\/a> for peanut farmers to compare data on variety performance. But beloved varieties die hard.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\"NC State
NC State\u2019s Peanut Decision Tool helps growers compare variety performance.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bailey and now Bailey II dominate NC and Virginia peanut fields. Could the new genetic discoveries mean another Bailey version is on the horizon?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re working on it,\u201d laughed Dunne. \u201cThe Bailey name is synonymous with positive peanut production. We\u2019re working with these newly identified gene blocks to introduce a third wild species trait into the Bailey stock for late spot disease resistance, which would make it Bailey III. It\u2019s time-consuming work to grow out each successive generation, so a new Bailey is still 8-10 years out. It\u2019s definitely something to look forward to, but even <\/span>it<\/span><\/i> isn\u2019t the end of the line.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Peanut
Dunne holds a breeding sample his lab is working with to add the third wild species trait.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Want More Plant Progress?<\/span><\/h2>\n

Crop and Soil Sciences’ research impacts farmers, students, and NC citizens through innovations in food, feed, fuel, and fiber. Follow how our discoveries affect agriculture and environmental science by joining our <\/span>weekly newsfeed<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

If you are a student interested in agronomy or crop production, investigate our undergraduate and graduate <\/span>degree programs<\/span><\/a>. Then join us for a <\/span>guided email tour<\/span><\/a> of our department and university.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Improving NC agriculture and the environment through stewardship is just part of how we are growing the future.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n","protected":false,"raw":"

Could a Wild Child Strengthen the Peanut\u2019s Achilles Heel?<\/span><\/h2>\r\nPeanuts are the most widespread grain legume in the world, grown in over 100 countries to provide an adaptable and reliable oil and protein source. Because of the peanut\u2019s global significance, ensuring a diverse and evolving varietal gene pool is a top priority for breeders, but the modern peanut hides an intrinsic fault.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13679\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1200\"]\"\" Harvested peanuts drying in a field[\/caption]\r\n

A Genetic Bottleneck<\/span><\/h2>\r\nThe cultivated peanut\u2019s fancy jumbo shells and high oleic seeds disguise a genetic weakness. All modern peanut cultivars owe their lineage to a single wild variety <\/span>developed as a result of two diploid wild varieties spontaneously converging<\/span>. That fact erects a genetic dead end amidst a time of evolving pests and environmental change. North Carolina State University researchers are diving deep into the peanut gene pool to push variety improvement forward by reintroducing its wild roots.<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u201cGenetic diversity is at the core of breeding programs. But we know that some spontaneous event occurred millennia ago causing a great bottleneck in the diversity of the wild tetraploid peanut species that we have since cultivated,\u201d Jeff Dunne, an NC State assistant professor said. \u201cIt created an inherent lack of diversity in cultivated peanuts which limits the breeding progress we can make in disease, drought, or pest resistance.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13691\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1500\"]\"Peanut Assistant Professor Jeff Dunne stands among his peanut breeding stock in an NC State greenhouse.[\/caption]\r\n

Shifting Pathogens Demand Attention<\/span><\/h2>\r\nIn North Carolina, Bailey II has become the dominant variety since its release in 2017. Prized for its Early Leaf Spot resistance, Bailey II is helping U.S. farmers nearly eradicate the disease and its necessary spray treatments. But as one disease recedes, another rises.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nLate Leaf Spot has now become a common, fast-moving economic threat. It causes plant defoliation that dramatically reduces yield and results in annual losses of $53M according to the Peanut Research Foundation.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13685\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1500\"]\"Defoliated Leaf spot defoliation dramatically impacts peanut yield. Photo by Barbara Shew.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTo breed resistant varieties, researchers are finding promise far back in the peanut\u2019s family tree.<\/span>\r\n

83 & Me<\/span><\/h3>\r\nCultivated peanuts trace their lineage along an enormous family tree. They are a member of the pea family with 83 (and counting) wild species and two cultivated subspecies in the genus.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nThe genetically-limited lineage of modern peanut cultivars presents a breeding challenge.<\/span>\r\n\r\nFor decades, plant breeders combed the globe discovering, collecting and cataloging wild species and local landraces. Worldwide, there are over 90,000 peanut lines in germplasm collections, albeit with much duplication.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nNC State maintains one such peanut gene bank with 780 cultivated germplasm lines plus 217 wild species for breeding. The USDA, the University of Georgia, and Texas A&M University boast the largest U.S. collections, but groups freely share resources.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13684\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1500\"]\"Breeder Dunne\u2019s lab maintains a diverse seed bank of both wild and cultivated peanut varieties.[\/caption]\r\n

Navigating A 3.0 Gb Map<\/span><\/h2>\r\nThe peanut family is divided into two camps of genetic structure that render them incompatible for breeding. Among wild species, some are diploid (carrying two copies of chromosomes) and some are tetraploid (four copies). While closely related, they cannot be directly crossed.<\/span>\r\n\r\nFor European export value and other reasons, the U.S. peanut industry shuns genetic modification in production-peanut varieties. This limits researchers to traditional breeding techniques, which naturally render high variability. Layer on the incompatible genetic structures among wild species and breeding work becomes a bit like trying to repair a new Chevy with old Ford parts.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nBreeders have solved part of the puzzle by developing creative tactics to merge the incompatible wild species. But once crossed, a DNA roadmap is crucial to identify chromosomes and sites of interest within the peanut genome\u2019s 2.5 billion base pairs.<\/span>\r\n\r\nPeanut genome sequencing was completed in 2019 as an international effort among U.S. researchers, the National Peanut Board and the Peanut Research Foundation. Phase one of the project created a 3.0 Gb reference genome and sequenced several varieties, which helps breeders make faster, more informed gene site selections.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nPhase two now puts that knowledge into action. Breeders like Dunne are using molecular marker technologies and genomic selection to target several pillars of improvement: disease, aflatoxin and drought resistance as well as flavor improvement.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13689\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1500\"]\"Researcher Ryan Andres extracts DNA in the peanut lab to help identify and speed breeding selections.[\/caption]\r\n

Promise from the Wild Side<\/span><\/h2>\r\nPeanut research has a strong heritage at NC State. In the 1960\u2019s W.C. Gregory, and later H. Tom Stalker, used wild species to develop and curate valuable germplasm that have been used around the world to improve peanut cultivars.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nSeeds from collected wild species peanuts look dramatically different than cultivated varieties.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nEvolved to locally adapt and resist pest pressures, the wild side of the family tree holds great promise to breeders like Dunne. The challenge lies in identifying the valuable genes and then <\/span>reliably<\/span><\/i> introducing them into cultivated stock.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nRecently, University of Georgia researchers discovered that a Brazilian cross (IAC 322), which owes heritage to Gregory and Stalker\u2019s work, carries an extra gene block on lucky chromosome 13 that provides Late Leaf Spot resistance. Dunne\u2019s program has also identified a line (SPT 10-12) that has the additional gene and another that may further improve Late Leaf Spot resistance.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13692\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1500\"]\"A Variety SPT 10-12 (right) shows strong Late Leaf Spot resistance compared to NC-V11 (left).[\/caption]\r\n\r\nNC State\u2019s highly successful Bailey and Bailey II varieties acquired their Early Leaf Spot resistance from genetic blocks on chromosomes two and eight. But both Baileys lack the block on 13, which is present in the newly identified lines.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nThese discoveries are spurring renewed vigor in many peanut breeding programs, recently at the University of Georgia and also at NC State.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13680\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1500\"]\"Drone Drone image of peanut variety test plots shows bright green areas of late leaf spot resistance (no fungicides sprayed).[\/caption]\r\n

If You Breed It, Will They Plant It?<\/span><\/h2>\r\n\u201cAs breeders, we are in the business of creating yield,\u201d Dunne said. \u201cIntegrating wild species into cultivated stock could significantly improve genetic diversity and add resistance traits. But it can create a yield drag.\u201d\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nDespite the upside of new traits, the fear of yield decline deters some growers from planting new varieties. Dunne thinks that variety adoption comes down to building trust between growers and the breeding program.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u201cVarieties have hit all-time yield highs, which has actually reduced the amount of planted acreage because the yields are so good,\u201d he said. \u201cOur program\u2019s goal is to maintain yield <\/span>and<\/span><\/i> improve margins with new varieties,\u201d he said.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n

Resistance = Sustainable Management<\/span><\/h3>\r\nExtension guidance highlights crop rotation and host resistance as the foundation of disease control. Combined with good agronomic practices, growers can minimize their losses and use of crop protection chemicals.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u201cDr. David Jordan does an excellent job with peanut Extension programming -- emphasizing crop rotations and optimizing fungicide programs,\u201d Dunne said. \u201c But with upcoming chemical label changes and few new fungicide chemistries in the works, planting varieties for preventative, rather than curative, disease management may be increasingly appealing.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13683\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1500\"]\"NC NC State Extension presents management and variety updates at several annual peanut field days.[\/caption]\r\n

A Packed Peanut Pipeline<\/span><\/h2>\r\nDunne\u2019s breeding pipeline is well stocked. \u201cMy predecessor, Dr. Tom Isleib, left us with a tremendous amount of high-quality material,\u201d he said. \u201cHis work set up our program to not only improve growers\u2019 yields but to increase their margins. We\u2019ve become a more sustainable breeding program.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n\"Jeff\r\n\r\nDunne has selected two high-value Virginia-type varieties to release recently.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nNC20 is later maturing than Bailey II, which allows growers to stagger harvest time and make the best use of limited harvest equipment and storage. The variety\u2019s high disease resistance allows growers to leave it in the field longer despite high seasonal disease pressure.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nAnother introduction coming available soon is NC21, a large pod, large-seeded variety with equal disease resistance replacing the Wynne cultivar, which is coming off NC Foundation seed.<\/span>\r\n\r\nNC20 should be commercially available by 2024 and NC21 by 2025.<\/span>\r\n

The Bailey Legacy<\/span><\/h3>\r\nTo familiarize growers with new varieties, Dunne\u2019s group created <\/span>a web application<\/span><\/a> for peanut farmers to compare data on variety performance. But beloved varieties die hard.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13686\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1500\"]\"NC NC State\u2019s Peanut Decision Tool helps growers compare variety performance.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nBailey and now Bailey II dominate NC and Virginia peanut fields. Could the new genetic discoveries mean another Bailey version is on the horizon?<\/span>\r\n\r\n\u201cWe\u2019re working on it,\u201d laughed Dunne. \u201cThe Bailey name is synonymous with positive peanut production. We\u2019re working with these newly identified gene blocks to introduce a third wild species trait into the Bailey stock for late spot disease resistance, which would make it Bailey III. It\u2019s time-consuming work to grow out each successive generation, so a new Bailey is still 8-10 years out. It\u2019s definitely something to look forward to, but even <\/span>it<\/span><\/i> isn\u2019t the end of the line.\u201d<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_13681\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1500\"]\"Peanut Dunne holds a breeding sample his lab is working with to add the third wild species trait.[\/caption]\r\n

Want More Plant Progress?<\/span><\/h2>\r\nCrop and Soil Sciences' research impacts farmers, students, and NC citizens through innovations in food, feed, fuel, and fiber. Follow how our discoveries affect agriculture and environmental science by joining our <\/span>weekly newsfeed<\/span><\/a>.<\/span>\r\n\r\nIf you are a student interested in agronomy or crop production, investigate our undergraduate and graduate <\/span>degree programs<\/span><\/a>. Then join us for a <\/span>guided email tour<\/span><\/a> of our department and university.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nImproving NC agriculture and the environment through stewardship is just part of how we are growing the future.<\/span>\r\n\r\n\"\""},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Building on years of NC State research, peanut breeder Jeff Dunne is using wild species genetics to breed disease-resistant varieties in a crop with an inherent fault.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2196,"featured_media":13687,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"source":"","ncst_custom_author":"","ncst_show_custom_author":false,"ncst_dynamicHeaderBlockName":"","ncst_dynamicHeaderData":"","ncst_content_audit_freq":"","ncst_content_audit_date":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[372,115,14,431],"class_list":["post-13677","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research","tag-germplasm","tag-peanuts","tag-plant-breeding","tag-sustainability"],"displayCategory":null,"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13677","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2196"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13677"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13677\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13754,"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13677\/revisions\/13754"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13687"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13677"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13677"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cals.ncsu.edu\/crop-and-soil-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13677"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}